载三联抗结核药物硫酸钙/聚氨基酸人工材料体外缓释性能的观察

目的:探讨载三联抗结核药物硫酸钙/聚氨基酸人工材料在模拟体液中的药物缓释性能。方法:避光环境下以100:3:3:12的比例称取硫酸钙/氨基酸复合材料500mg、异烟肼(isoniazid,INH)15mg、利福平(rifampicin,RFP)15mg、吡嗪酰胺(pyrazinamide,PZA)60mg制备载药人工缓释材料,将其置于模拟体液中,分别于浸泡3h、12h、24h、36h、48h、60h、72h、1~14周时取材料浸提液,应用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测其中INH、RFP、PZA三种药物的浓度,并据其计算单位时间段内药物释出质量。结果:载三联抗结核药的硫酸钙/聚氨基酸人工材料在模拟体液中浸泡3h时浸提液中释出INH、RFP、PZA的浓度分别达到152.96±1.32μg/ml、92.90±2.17μg/ml和334.90±12.3μg/ml,在8周前各时间点的浸提液中,3种药物浓度均较高;至8周时PZA的释出浓度、10周时RFP释出浓度、11周时INH的释出浓度仍高于其10倍的最小抑菌浓度,之后逐渐降低;未载药硫酸钙/聚氨基酸人工材料在有效检测时间内药物出峰时间处未见有意义杂质峰出现。结论:载三联抗结核药硫酸钙/聚氨基酸人工材料具有较为平稳、持续时间较长的有效缓释性能,三种药物在模拟体液中释出药物的浓度均可达到体内杀死结核分枝杆菌的浓度。     

From the Cover: Adiponectin supplementation in pregnant mice prevents the adverse effects of maternal obesity on placental function and fetal growth

Mothers with obesity or gestational diabetes mellitus have low circulating levels of adiponectin (ADN) and frequently deliver large babies with increased fat mass, who are susceptible to perinatal complications and to development of metabolic syndrome later in life. It is currently unknown if the inverse correlation between maternal ADN and fetal growth reflects a cause-and-effect relationship. We tested the hypothesis that ADN supplementation in obese pregnant dams improves maternal insulin sensitivity, restores normal placental insulin/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling and nutrient transport, and prevents fetal overgrowth. Compared with dams on a control diet, female C57BL/6J mice fed an obesogenic diet before mating and throughout gestation had increased fasting serum leptin, insulin, and C-peptide, and reduced high-molecular-weight ADN at embryonic day (E) 18.5. Placental insulin and mTORC1 signaling was activated, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) phosphorylation was reduced, placental transport of glucose and amino acids in vivo was increased, and fetal weights were 29% higher in obese dams. Maternal ADN infusion in obese dams from E14.5 to E18.5 normalized maternal insulin sensitivity, placental insulin/mTORC1 and PPARα signaling, nutrient transport, and fetal growth without affecting maternal fat mass. Using a mouse model with striking similarities to obese pregnant women, we demonstrate that ADN functions as an endocrine link between maternal adipose tissue and fetal growth by regulating placental function. Importantly, maternal ADN supplementation reversed the adverse effects of maternal obesity on placental function and fetal growth. Improving maternal ADN levels may serve as an effective intervention strategy to prevent fetal overgrowth caused by maternal obesity.Obesity and the metabolic syndrome are major risk factors for a wide array of diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and cancer (1, 2). Compelling evidence shows that metabolic syndrome is caused, in part, by a suboptimal intrauterine environment (3). The strong association between maternal obesity during pregnancy and metabolic syndrome in childhood is of particular concern because almost two-thirds of American women now enter pregnancy either overweight or obese (4). Obesity during pregnancy therefore creates a vicious, detrimental cycle of intrauterine transmission of metabolic disease from the mother to her children (5). Intervention strategies involving lifestyle changes or antiobesity drugs remain largely unsuccessful, and it is therefore urgent to explore the possibility of intervening in utero to prevent the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome.Obesity in pregnant women is associated with activation of placental insulin and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling, up-regulation of specific placental amino acid transporters, and fetal overgrowth (6, 7). In addition, circulating levels of adiponectin (ADN) are decreased in obese pregnant women (8, 9). The ADN protein is synthesized in adipose tissue and undergoes tightly regulated multimerization involving chaperone proteins, including disulfide-bond A oxidoreductase-like protein (DsbA-L), resulting in the assembly of oligomeric ADN proteins of different molecular weight (10). Multimerization into the high-molecular-weight (HMW) form increases the t_1/2 of ADN (11), and the insulin-sensitizing effect of ADN can largely be attributed to the HMW form (12). Low circulating levels of HMW ADN strongly predict the development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) independent of maternal adiposity (13, 14).We recently reported that ADN, in contrast to its well-known insulin-sensitizing effects in skeletal muscle and liver, inhibits insulin and mTORC1 signaling and amino acid transport in cultured primary human trophoblast (PHT) cells (15) and in pregnant mice in vivo (16). This effect is mediated by activation of trophoblast peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) signaling and increased ceramide synthesis, resulting in inhibition of IRS-1 (17). Thus, low circulating ADN in maternal obesity may be causally linked to changes in placental function and increased fetal growth. These findings, together with the recent discovery of an orally active ADN receptor agonist (AdipoRon) (18), provide the rationale for exploring the possibility that maternal ADN supplementation may prevent the adverse fetal outcomes in maternal obesity.We recently established a mouse model of obesity in pregnancy, which shows extensive similarities to the human condition, including low maternal ADN and glucose intolerance, increased placental nutrient transport, and fetal overgrowth (19). In this study, we used this model to test the hypothesis that ADN supplementation in obese pregnant dams improves maternal insulin sensitivity, restores normal placental insulin signaling and nutrient transport, and prevents fetal overgrowth.     

Biotin and carnitine deficiency due to hypoallergenic formula nutrition in infants with milk allergy

Amino acid formulas and hydrolyzed formulas given to infants in Japan with milk allergies theoretically contain little, if any, biotin and carnitine. We assessed biotin and carnitine insufficiency in six infants with milk allergy who were fed amino acid formulas and/or hydrolyzed formulas, by measuring urine 3‐hydroxyisovaleric acid (3‐HIA) and serum free carnitine (C0), respectively. All patients presented with elevated urine 3‐HIA and lowered serum C0 compared with post‐menstrual age‐matched infants who were fed breast milk or standard infant formulas. Supplementation with biotin and l ‐carnitine immediately improved the insufficiency. Care should be taken to avoid biotin and carnitine deficiency in allergic infants fed amino acid or hydrolyzed formulas.     

二氧化硅提取核酸用于多聚酶链反应

利用硫氰酸胍裂解病毒和二氧化硅颗粒能够特异性吸附核酸的特性，将二氧化硅悬液、裂解液及肝炎病毒感染血清共同保温，病毒裂解释放出的核酸结合在二氧化硅颗粒上，经过双蒸水洗脱，所得核酸直接作ＰＣＲ扩增。     

栀子金花丸化学成分的UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS快速鉴定与分析

目的:采用超高效液相色谱串联四极杆飞行时间高分辨率质谱技术(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS)对栀子金花丸整方的化学成分进行定性分析。方法:采用Waters ACQUITY BEH C_(18)超高效液相色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7μm),流动相0.1%甲酸乙腈溶液-0.1%甲酸水溶液梯度洗脱,流速0.4 m L·min~(-1),以正、负离子模式扫描的一级和二级质谱信息,结合文献报道,对栀子金花丸的主要色谱峰进行归属鉴别。结果:根据质谱裂解规律、保留时间及参考文献等信息,初步推测鉴定出65个化学成分,其中,20个黄酮类成分,9个环烯醚萜类成分,8个有机酸类成分,6个生物碱类成分,6个蒽醌类成分,4个甾体皂苷类成分,3个鞣质类成分,3个二萜色素类成分,3个双苯吡酮类成分,1个单萜类成分,1个二蒽酮类成分和1个柠檬苷素类成分。结论:建立的方法分离度好、灵敏度高,可同时对栀子金花丸不同类型化合物进行快速分析,有助于开展进一步的活性成分和质量控制研究。     

Phytochemical Characterization,Antibacterial, Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory and Cytotoxic Properties of Cryptostephanus vansonii,an Endemic Amaryllid

Cryptostephanus vansonii I. Verd., an endemic Amaryllidaceae species from Zimbabwe, was evaluated for its acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory and cytotoxicity properties using Ellman's colorimetric method and the tetrazolium‐based colorimetric assay against Vero monkey kidney cells, respectively. The plant extracts were also evaluated for their antibacterial activity against five bacteria. Furthermore, phytochemical profiles of the extracts were determined using ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry analysis. A plant part‐dependent AChE inhibitory activity was observed, in the order, root > rhizome > basal leaf > leaf. Overall, C. vansonii extracts exhibited better antibacterial activity against Gram‐negative compared with Gram‐positive bacteria. Cytotoxic effects were not detected in Vero monkey kidney cell lines suggesting the possible absence of toxophores in C. vansonii extracts. Similar to the trend in biological activity, a distinct plant part‐dependent variation in hydroxybenzoates, hydroxycinnamates and flavonoids was observed in the plant extracts. In addition, 5‐hydroxymetylfurfural and eucomic acid were detected in the different plant parts of C. vansonii. The results of the present study provide valuable AChE inhibition activity, toxicological and phytochemical profiles of C. vansonii. Further studies on isolation of bioactive compounds and their subsequent evaluation in other pharmacological and toxicological model systems are required. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Local application of n-3 or n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of human experimental gingivitis

BACKGROUND: Polyunsaturated fatty acids have the potential to attenuate inflammation by the synthesis of mediators of the 15-lipoxygenase pathways, which show opposite effects to the pro-inflammatory arachidonic acid metabolites such as leukotriene B4 (LTB4). AIMS: The aim of this clinical study was to evaluate the effects of topical application of n-6 or n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with experimental gingivitis. METHODS: In each subject, similar teeth served as experimental and control over a 21-day non-hygiene phase and a 9-day resolving phase. Efficacy assessment was based on the bleeding on probing frequency (BOP) and the gingivocrevicular fluid volume (GCF). GCF was determined by inserting a filter paper strip for 30 s and measurements were performed on a Periotron 8000. The LTB4 concentration was analyzed by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. RESULTS: After 21 days of plaque growth, the BOP, GCF and LTB4 levels were significantly increased in all groups, with no differences between the control and experimental side. Rinsing of an area with established gingivitis for a 9-day period significantly reduced the GCF in the n-6 group (71.9 (18.7) versus 47.4 (11.4) Periotron Units, median (inter quartile range)). CONCLUSION: The topical application of n-6 or n-6 fatty acids failed to inhibit the development of experimental gingivitis. Rinsing with n-6 fatty acids could reduce the level of GCF in established experimental gingivitis.     

Separation of the outer membrane and identification of major outer membrane proteins from Porphyromonas gingivalis

The outer membrane of Porphyromonas gingivalis, an oral strict anaerobe, was isolated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The outer membrane obtained by the differential detergent extraction method, previously reported, showed an essentially similar protein pattern on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), confirming that the latter method is suitable for the study of outer membrane proteins in this organism. N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis revealed that major outer membrane proteins in this organism included Arg-gingipain, Lys-gingipain, RagA (a TonB-linked receptor), and putative porins that were homologous to Escherichia coli OmpA.     

Some aspects of protease production by a strain of Streptococcus sanguis

Our previous studies indicated that Arginine (Arg) plays a key nutritional role in Streptococcus sanguis P4A7 and that this organism can grow on whole casein as the sole nitrogen source. Its protease activities were therefore studied after glucose-limited continuous culture in a chemically-defined medium with either free amino acids or casein as the nitrogen source. Both culture supernatant and cell-associated endopeptidase (EP) and exopeptidase (amino-AP and carboxy-CP) activities were determined. Growth rate (mu) had little effect on EP, 75% of which was consistently in culture supernatants; AP and CP both decreased as mu was increased and both were predominantly cell-associated. At high growth pH, EP was substantially increased while AP and CP activities were optimal at pH 7. The most striking nutritional effect occurred under nitrogen limitation (glucose excess) when EP and AP were greatly increased and CP greatly decreased. It was concluded that S. sanguis is well equipped to scavenge its environment for Arg under a wide range of growth conditions.